Combining the realism of data-driven methods and the interactivity of multi-agent techniques a simulation method can be formed to give movement patterns based on real life interactions. Other models choose a different way of simulating a crowd depending on real crowd movement analysis. However, decision making and communications between individuals are very hard to model using mathematical equations. Force-based models can give precise results of general movements of individuals and provide a continuous time description of a crowd. The force-based model describes the environment as a set of forces that will affect the individuals in their movements, and mathematical methods govern these types of simulations. This model has a simple representation, and can be inaccurate in some environments. The cellular automata (CA) model was first introduced by Wolfram for crowd simulation in 1983.
Cellular automata models, force-based models and agent-based models are typical microscopic models. They have been used for many studies on crowd simulation in order to understand crowd behavior in emergency events. In contrast, microscopic models are focused on the details of individuals. Fluid dynamics is the most recognized macroscopic model, namely Navier-stokes. Macroscopic models describe general crowd movement, and do not provide details of the individuals.
In general, the models describing a crowd behavior can be divided into two categories, namely macroscopic models and microscopic models.
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